Nostalgia – and seeing the past through rose-tinted glasses – is something everybody experiences and some, like politicians, make good use of to gain hearts, minds and votes. But were things in the past really better than they are now? Warwick Business School Professor of Behavioural Science Nick Chater explores what’s behind it.
Why we think life was better in the ‘good old days’ by Nick Chater. With kinds acknowledgements to Warwick CORE Insights.
‘Things aren’t what they used to be’ because we are suffering from psychological biases, according to scientists. Nick Chater, Professor of Behavioural Science, reveals in the first part of The Human Zoo on BBC Radio 4 that our belief things were better in the past is because of loss aversion and our ‘rose-tinted’ memory.
A poll of UK citizens conducted by YouGov for the programme found that 70 per cent feel the world is getting worse, with less than 10 per cent believing it is getting better. It also found that 55 per cent feel their own lives are getting worse, with only 11 per cent thinking their life is getting better.
“But can this really be right?” says Chater. “After all, if we really think that things were better, then we should imagine that if we can ‘roll back time’ we should instead see life as getting steadily better. But going back in time would lead us through, among other things, 9/11, global nuclear confrontation, two World Wars, increases in infant mortality, shortening life expectancy, and the loss of all the technological inventions that have made our lives easier like washing machines, ovens, electricity and so on.”
The reality of the past: Over the hill?
The idea that everything is getting worse – declinism – is an old one. Even ancient Athens saw itself as having declined from a former, mythical golden age. So perhaps our minds are tricking us into thinking things are getting worse.
“In particular,” states Prof. Chater, “our memory tends to forget about the bad events in our past. We have a tendency to rehearse and dwell on the good things that happened, we retell them a lot more often, and so we reinforce the good memories. Moreover, we tend to remember the great songs or cars or football players from the ‘old days’ and forget all the bad ones.”
In an experiment that recorded people’s anticipation of, actual experiences in, and subsequent recollection of meaningful life events – be it a trip to Europe, a Thanksgiving vacation, and a three-week bicycle trip in California – scientists found that people’s recollection of the event was far more positive than their experience of it while doing it.
Why do we yearn for the good old days?
“The key point is that people rate past holidays – and other experiences – as much more positive in retrospect than they do at the time,” said Professor Chater, who is part of Warwick Business School’s Behavioural Science Group. “This is an illustration of the general idea that my life now doesn’t seem as good as it will look in retrospect.”
Prof. Chater also revealed that people’s judgement of the past is also affected by loss aversion and the status quo bias. “Loss aversion is when we tend to focus much more on losses instead of gains,” asserts Chater. “So losing £10 is much more negative than gaining £10 is positive.
As our lives progress, while some things change for the better and some change for the worse, loss aversion means that we pay much more attention to the bad things. So overall, we think life is getting worse. This leads to status quo bias, which asserts that whatever the situation is now, things in the future will get worse. “This plus loss aversion, combined with our memory’s tendency to filter out bad experiences from the past,” says Prof. Chater, “can leave us seeing the world, and our lives, as getting worse.” So was life really better in the good old days? The good news, if you think things are getting worse, is that you may be suffering from the psychology of declinism, rather than actual decline.
Useful links:
- Link up with Prof. Nick Chater on LinkedIn
- Read a related article: Mothers and daughters: Who influences who when buying clothes?
- Listen to the first episode of the new series of The Human Zoo
- Discover Nick Chater’s new book The Mind is Flat – The Illusion of Mental Depth and The Improvised Mind published by Penguin
- Visit the Warwick Business School website and browse the study options.
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